Brussels targeted the Silicon Valley firm's advertising business, saying it had restricted some websites from displaying ads from Google's competitors.
The EU also beefed up its charge sheet in an earlier case against Google which alleges that the firm abused the dominance of its search engine for online shopping.
There are now three EU cases against Google in total, with the EU having also filed charges in April against it for its Android mobile phone operating system.
"Dominance is not a problem under EU law, you can be big," EU Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager told a news conference in Brussels.
"However, it is illegal to abuse a powerful market position by restricting competition."
Google now has 10 weeks to respond to the complaint. It was not immediately available for comment.
Former Danish economy minister Vestager has launched a series of EU antitrust cases against US firms in the past two years, drawing complaints from Washington.
Other EU investigations include cases against Starbucks, Amazon and McDonald's.
'Stifles consumer choice'
On Thursday, Vestager said the EU had "raised concerns that Google has hindered competition by limiting the ability of its competitors to place search adverts on third party websites, which stifles consumer choice and innovation."
Brussels also "further strengthened our case that Google has unduly favoured its own comparison shopping service in its general search result pages."
The new charges came a day after the EU gave Google more time to answer the Android charges, extending the deadline to September 7 from June 27.
Google's response will be the company's last chance to avoid sanctions, which could amount to fines up to 10 percent of the group's annual global sales or $7.4 billion (roughly Rs. 49,522 crores) based on their 2015 results.
The extension was announced on the day US Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew visited EU officials including Vestager in Brussels.
The many battles opened by Vestager against US companies on competition issues has put a strain on transatlantic ties.
Vestager's team is expected to close a long-running state-aid inquiry into Apple's tax arrangements in Ireland, which some have suggested could see the iPhone maker on the hook for $19 billion (roughly Rs. 1,27,138 crores) in back taxes.
Lew has repeatedly complained to Vestager that EU antitrust regulators unfairly target US firms, a charge the former Danish finance minister firmly denies.
Catch the latest from the Consumer Electronics Show on Gadgets 360, at our CES 2026 hub.