A new study suggests Iberian slate plaques from the Neolithic period may have been used as genealogical records.
Engraved stone or slate plaques have been recovered.
Photo Credit: Engraved Stone Plaque Registry and Inquiry Tool online database
A new study proposes that engraved slate plaques from the Late Neolithic and Copper Age Iberian Peninsula (3200–2200 BC) might have served as non-verbal genealogical records. The research, led by Prof. Katina Lillios of the University of Iowa, suggests these plaques, discovered in tombs across Portugal and Spain, could denote ancestral lineage. The findings are based on a detailed statistical analysis of 657 plaques, their designs and burial contexts.
The study was published in the European Journal of Archaeology. Since their discovery in the 19th century, these hand-sized slate plaques, engraved with intricate geometric patterns, were reported to have sparked numerous interpretations. Early theories suggested they were emblems, amulets, or religious artefacts. Another popular hypothesis linked the designs to Mother Goddess worship, but limited depictions of facial features on the plaques—only 4% show ‘eyes' or ‘noses'—challenges this idea. An alternate theory, positing the plaques as children's drawings of owls, was dismissed due to the absence of distinctive owl traits like beaks and their infrequent occurrence.
Prof. Lillios in a statement said that the plaques functioned as genealogical records emerged from a unique two-sided plaque at the Museu Geológico in Lisbon. One side displayed an apparent error in the number of horizontal lines, while the other showed a corrected version. This observation indicated a deliberate recording system rather than purely aesthetic engraving.
As per sources, the researchers propose that the geometric motifs and horizontal registers may signify clan affiliations and generational distances from a founding ancestor. Statistical correlations showed that as communities moved farther from Alentejo—believed to be the plaques' origin—register counts increased, possibly reflecting generational progression.
Reportedly, the study also found that plaques were primarily associated with larger, more elaborate tombs, suggesting they were reserved for elites. According to the researchers, these artefacts could have played a role in managing property, marriage alliances, or burial rights within influential families. Prof. Lillios, in a statement, emphasised the need for undisturbed archaeological sites to further validate these interpretations, particularly through archaeogenetic studies, although the lack of well-preserved skeletal remains poses a challenge.
Catch the latest from the Consumer Electronics Show on Gadgets 360, at our CES 2026 hub.