Padalka who has spent a total of 879 days in space over five separate trips touched ground on the barren Kazakh steppe on schedule at 0051 GMT along with Kazakh cosmonaut Aidyn Aimbetov and Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen.
"Landing has taken place," a spokesman for Russia's space agency Roscosmos told AFP. "All is well."
Padalka led the 44th expedition at the ISS, breaking a 10-year-old record for the total number of days spent in the cosmos on June 28 when he surpassed the figure of 803 days, nine hours and 41 minutes achieved by Sergei Krikalev, another Russian.
His most recent mission began on March 27 when he blasted off from the Baikonur cosmodrome with compatriot Mikhail Kornienko and American Scott Kelly.
Mogensen, the first Dane in Space and Aimbetov, the third cosmonaut from his country, had a comparatively short stay at the ISS having entered space in the Soyuz TMA-18M on September 2 and docking two days later on September 4.
"I feel fine," said Padalka as he sat sipping tea and nibbling on an apple surrounded by Russian space officials following his historic re-entry.
"Now you need to live on earth for a little bit," joked Talgat Musabayev head of the Kazakh space agency Kazcosmos and a veteran of three space flights.
Padalka made four trips to ISS in total.
His first ever journey into space was to visit Russia's Mir space station in 1998.
The Mir visit was matched in duration only by his second visit to ISS in 2009, with both lasting 199 days.
He is the only person to command the ISS four times.
The three-man crew completed a "perfect" de-orbit burn to re-enter the earth's atmosphere at just after 00.00 GMT according to Nasa television before a "bullseye landing" roughly 146 kilometers (90 miles) southeast of the Kazakh settlement of Dzhezkazgan less than an hour later.
"That's it guys you can relax now" Padalka said to his crew as the landing approached.
The trio are being taken to the airport in the Kazakhstani capital of Astana where they will be received by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Space travel has been one of the few areas of international cooperation between Russia and the West that has not been completely destroyed by the Ukraine crisis.
But the joint space program has still faced difficulties this year.
Russia put the breaks on all space travel for almost 3 months after the failure of the unmanned Progress freighter in late April.
The doomed ship lost contact with Earth and burned up in the atmosphere, forcing a group of astronauts to spend an extra month on the ISS.
In May, another Russian spacecraft, a Proton-M rocket carrying a Mexican satellite, malfunctioned and crashed in Siberia soon after its launch.
The roughly $150 billion (roughly Rs. 9,93,637 crores) ISS has been orbiting the earth at roughly 28,000 kilometres per hour since 1998.
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