2021 was the wildest yet for cryptocurrencies. Here’s a detailed look
Dogecoin soared over 12,000 percent to an all-time high in May
Bitcoin close to $70,000 (roughly Rs. 5,211,600), "memecoins" worth billions of dollars, a blockbuster Wall Street listing and a sweeping Chinese crackdown: 2021 was the wildest yet for cryptocurrencies, even by the sector's volatile standards.
Digital assets started the year with a stampede of cash from investors large and small. And Bitcoin and its kin were rarely out of the spotlight since, with the language of crypto becoming firmly entrenched in the investor lexicon.
Here is a look at some of the major trends that dominated cryptocurrencies this year.
The original cryptocurrency held its crown as the biggest and most well-known token - though not without a host of challengers biting at its heels.
Bitcoin soared over 120 percent from January 1 to a then-record of almost $65,000 (roughly Rs. Rs. 4,839,600) in mid-April. Fuelling it was a tsunami of cash from institutional investors, growing acceptance by major corporations such as Tesla and Mastercard and an increasing embrace by Wall Street banks.
Spurring investor interest was Bitcoin's purported inflation-proof qualities - it has a capped supply - as record-breaking stimulus packages fuelled rising prices. The promise of quick gains amid record-low interest rates, and easier access through fast-developing infrastructure, also helped attract buyers.
Emblematic of Bitcoin's mainstream embrace was major US exchange Coinbase's $86 billion (roughly Rs. 640344.82 crore) listing in April, the biggest yet of a cryptocurrency company.
"It's graduated into the sphere where it is traded by the sort of people that are taking bets on treasuries and equities," said Richard Galvin of crypto fund Digital Capital Asset Management.
Yet the token stayed volatile. It slumped 35 percent in May before soaring to a new all-time high of $69,000 (roughly Rs. 5,137,500) in November, as inflation spiralled across Europe and the United States.
Prominent sceptics remain, with JPMorgan boss Jamie Dimon calling it "worthless".
Even as Bitcoin remained the go-to for investors dipping their toes into crypto, a panoply of new - some would say joke - tokens entered the sector.
"Memecoins" - a loose collection of coins ranging from Dogecoin and shiba inu to squid game that have their roots in web culture - often have little practical use.
Dogecoin, launched in 2013 as a Bitcoin spinoff, soared over 12,000 percent to an all-time high in May before slumping almost 80 percent by mid-December. Shiba inu, which references the same breed of Japanese canine as Dogecoin, briefly muscled its way into the 10 largest digital currencies.
The memecoin phenomenon was linked to the "Wall Street Bets" movement, where retail traders coordinated online to pile into stocks such as GameStop Corp, squeezing hedge funds' short positions.
Many of the traders - often stuck at home with spare cash during coronavirus lockdowns - turned to crypto, even as regulators voiced warnings about volatility.
"It's all about the mobilisation of finance," said Joseph Edwards, head of research at crypto broker Enigma Securities.
"While assets like DOGE and SHIB may in themselves be purely speculative, the money coming into them is coming from an instinct of 'why shouldn't I earn on my money, savings?".
As money poured into crypto, regulators fretted over what they saw as its potential to enable money laundering and threaten global financial stability.
Long sceptical of crypto - a rebel technology invented to undermine traditional finance - watchdogs called for more powers over the sector, with some warning consumers over volatility.
With new rules looming, crypto markets were skittish to the possible risk of a clampdown.
When Beijing placed curbs on crypto in May, Bitcoin tanked almost 50 percent, dragging the wider market down with it.
"Regulatory risk is everything because those are the rules of the road that people live by and die by in financial services," said Stephen Kelso, global head of markets at ITI Capital. "The regulators are making good progress, they're catching up."
As memecoin trading went viral, another formerly obscure corner of the crypto complex also grabbed the limelight.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) - strings of code stored on the blockchain digital ledger that represent unique ownership of artworks, videos or even tweets - exploded in 2021.
In March, a digital artwork by US artist Beeple sold for nearly $70 million (roughly Rs. 521339 crore) at Christie's, among the three most expensive pieces by a living artist sold at auction.
The sale heralded a stampede for NFTs. Sales in the third-quarter hit $10.7 billion (roughly Rs. 79690.39), up over eight-fold from the previous three months. As volumes peaked in August, prices for some NFTs rose so quickly speculators could "flip" them for profit in days, or even hours.
Soaring crypto prices that spawned a new cohort of crypto-wealthy investors - as well as predictions for a future of online virtual worlds where NFTs take centre stage - helped fuel the boom.
Cryptocurrencies and NFTs' popularity may also be linked to a decline in social mobility, said John Egan, CEO of BNP Paribas-owned research company L'Atelier, with younger people drawn to their potential for swift gains as soaring prices put traditional assets like houses out of reach.
While some of the world's top brands, from Coca-Cola to Burberry, have sold NFTs, still-patchy regulation meant larger investors largely steered clear.
"I don't see a situation where licensed financial institutions are actively and aggressively trading (these) digital assets in the next three years," Egan said.
© Thomson Reuters 2021
Cryptocurrency is an unregulated digital currency, not a legal tender and subject to market risks. The information provided in the article is not intended to be and does not constitute financial advice, trading advice or any other advice or recommendation of any sort offered or endorsed by NDTV. NDTV shall not be responsible for any loss arising from any investment based on any perceived recommendation, forecast or any other information contained in the article.
For the latest tech news and reviews, follow Gadgets 360 on X, Facebook, WhatsApp, Threads and Google News. For the latest videos on gadgets and tech, subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you want to know everything about top influencers, follow our in-house Who'sThat360 on Instagram and YouTube.