Meet the Scholar Who Diagnosed 'Surveillance Capitalism'

A year ago, Shoshana Zuboff dropped an intellectual bomb on the technology industry. She hasn't stood still since. In a 700-page book, the Harvard scholar skewered tech giants like Facebook and Google with a damning phrase: “surveillance capitalism.” The unflattering term evokes how these companies vacuum up the details of our lives, make billions from that data and use what they've learned to glue our attention more firmly to their platforms.

A bestseller in Canada and Britain, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism was published in the US in January, is being translated into 17 languages and has inspired two small theatre productions. Zuboff, meanwhile, has been counselling politicians, crisscrossing the Atlantic for public forums from Los Angeles to Rome and hitting the podcast circuit.

She offered input on several pending US privacy bills and wrote a 34-page policy paper for the House Judiciary Committee, whose antitrust panel is studying Big Tech's potential abuse of its market dominance.

Zuboff has “put the language of economics around the experience that we all know we're having,” says Beeban Kidron, a film director and UK House of Lords member who spearheaded child-protection rules limiting how apps gather data and tempt kids to linger online. “She's a rock star.”

Early on, Zuboff realised researchers had missed the importance of the ambient data that digital services collect — where we use them, for how long, what we like, what we linger on and with whom we associate.

They were calling it “digital exhaust.”

But Zuboff saw that this data wasn't just an unexpected byproduct, says Chris Hoofnagle, a University of California-Berkeley privacy expert. “It is the product.”

Tech industry allies denounce Zuboff's thesis as conspiracy-minded hyperbole. Consumers willingly trade their personal data for access to valuable services that don't cost them a cent, they argue. Google and Facebook declined to discuss Zuboff or her book.

But after more than a year of tech-related privacy scandals, malign election-interference and online platform-fueled extremism, investigations opened by state attorneys general and the US government's first tentative steps toward reining in its technology titans, it's become clear that Zuboff helped crystallise previously vague apprehensions about the tech industry.

Zuboff's indictment is straightforward: Tech companies suck up our data trails then use those insights to steer us toward commercial interactions, develop their next addictive apps and predict our future behaviour — effectively moulding individual behaviour.

Worse, she says, these invasive business practices are spreading. “By now this is a virus that has infected every economic sector,” Zuboff told a meeting of international parliamentarians in May.

Zuboff traces the origin of surveillance capitalism to 2001 as Google, then little more than a search engine, considered going public. Faced with the need to generate revenue, its founders decided to mine the data Google amasses when people make searches.

That helped Google improve search results but also informed it about users' family lives, religious beliefs, ethnicity, political or sexual persuasion and more. Google fed those clues into a personalised advertising machine and became a global juggernaut.

Following Google's example, Facebook and other tech companies offered an irresistible bargain. People could connect to long-lost friends, search the world's information and watch endless streams of video at no cost. Before long, smartphones launched an explosion of “free” apps with a hearty appetite for your data.

Nowadays, your movements, conversations, facial expressions and more are snatched by smart TVs, thermostats, refrigerators, doorbell cameras and connected cars. Dossiers are compiled on each of us.

Among the first women to earn tenure at Harvard Business School, Zuboff won plaudits for her early grasp of how digital technology would transform the business world with her 1988 book In the Age of the Smart Machine Her next book, “The Support Economy” — co-written with her late husband James Maxmin — predicted that out-of-touch corporations would give way to rivals responsive to the feedback of technology-empowered consumers.

To Zuboff, surveillance capitalism poses an existential threat whose hidden costs are intentionally obscured by its practitioners. It is an “antidemocratic and antiegalitarian juggernaut,” she writes.

In the name of personalisation, she says, “it defiles, ignores, overrides and displaces everything about you and me that is personal.”

Not everyone agrees, to put it mildly.

Vice President Carl Szabo of the e-commerce trade group NetChoice, whose members include Facebook and Google, said her book “paints a typical dystopian picture of technology, dismissing the remarkable benefits of online platforms and data analysis.”

In response, Zuboff cites consumer surveys that indicate increasing unease with the prevailing, invasive business model.

She has no illusions about how difficult it will be to turn things around. Breaking up technology giants, says Zuboff, would do little to prevent their smaller progeny from continuing their work.

She does think the EU's year-old data protection rule and California's new data privacy law, which takes effect in January, are a good start.

And she's heartened by a recent flurry of regulatory energy in Washington, D.C.

“I think it's the very early stages of a sea change.”