The researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Disney Research drew inspiration from wind instruments in devising these mechanisms, which they call Acoustruments.
The idea is to use pluggable plastic tubes and other structures to connect the smartphone's speaker with its microphone.
The device can then be controlled by acoustically altering sounds as they pass through this system.
Just as a simple slide whistle or flute can produce expressive music, these Acoustruments can add a wide range of functionality to a smartphone, including proximity and pressure sensors.
And because no electrical circuitry is involved, the plastic Acoustruments can be made rapidly and inexpensively.
"We're providing people with tangible interactivity at basically no cost," said Gierad Laput, a PhD student in Carnegie Mellon's Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII).
"Using smartphones as computers to control toys, appliances and robots already is a growing trend, particularly in the maker community," said Laput, lead author of the study.
"Acoustruments can make the interactivity of these new 'pluggable' applications even richer," said Laput.
People who want to control a smartphone application while their eyes need to be focused elsewhere, for instance, might be less distracted by a tangible knob or button made possible with Acoustruments than with trying to glance at a touchscreen.
Applications that use smartphones as virtual reality displays make it impossible to use the touchscreen controls at all; Acoustruments enable users to make adjustments without disrupting the virtual reality experience.
The researchers have used Acoustruments to build an interactive doll, which responds when its tummy is poked; a smartphone case that can sense when it has been placed on a table or is being hand carried; and an alarm clock that provides physical on/off and snooze buttons.
Wind instruments take a sustained source of sound from a mouthpiece and then alter it by changing the cavity ? with a series of holes, as in a flute, or by changing its size, as with a trombone.
Acoustruments operate in a similar manner; the smartphone speaker produces continuous "sweeps" of ultrasonic frequencies; interactions that block, open holes or change the length or diameter of the plastic tubes connecting the speaker to the microphone alter this acoustic signal.
Experiments by the CMU and Disney researchers showed that Acoustruments can achieve 99 percent accuracy in controlling the device.
Acoustruments can be made with 3D printers, with injection moulds, or even by hand in some cases, Laput said.
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