Violent Games Provoke More Aggression When Played in 3D: Study

Researchers said that people who played violent video games in 3D showed more evidence of anger afterwards than people who played using traditional 2D systems - even those with large screens.

The higher anger in 3D players was connected to the fact that, compared to 2D players, they were more likely to feel they were "immersed in the game," said Brad Bushman, co-author of the study and professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University.

"3D gaming increases anger because the players felt more immersed in the violence when they played violent games. As the technology in video games improves, it has the ability to have stronger effects on players," said Bushman.

Bushman conducted the study with lead author Robert Lull, a graduate student in communication at Ohio State.

Participants were 194 college students, about two-thirds of whom were women. All of the students played the video game Grand Theft Auto IV for 15 minutes.

Half were instructed to play violently (kill as many people as possible in the game) and half played non-violently (they went bowling).

They played on a 17-inch 2D screen, a 96-inch 2D screen or on a 96-inch 3D screen while wearing appropriate 3D glasses.

Later, all participants reported their mood on a variety of dimensions, including anger. For example, they were asked to rate how angry, annoyed and furious they felt on a scale of 1 to 5.

Results showed that for those who played non-violently - it didn't matter if they played in 2D or 3D - their levels of anger were relatively low and unchanged.

Those who played violently showed higher levels of anger than nonviolent players no matter how they played, 2D or 3D. But those who played violently on 3D were significantly angrier than those who played violently on the 2D systems.

After playing the games, participants were asked several questions measuring how immersed they were in the game. For example, they were asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 7 how much they felt they "were really 'there' in the game environment" and how much they felt like other characters in the game were real.

Results showed that people who played in 3D felt more immersed in the game than did those who played in 2D, and that immersion was related to the increased anger felt by those who played violently.

"The combination of violent content and immersive technology like 3D can be troublesome," Bushman said.

"This is something that needs to be considered by everyone involved - electronics manufacturers, video game developers, consumers, parents and content ratings agencies," Bushman said.

The study was published in the journal Psychology of Popular Media Culture.